Hawai'i: The Gathering Place of the Pacific

What is Hawaii: Hawaii (Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi; formerly the Hawaiian Islands) is controversially a State (50th State), and the last star on the flag, the most recent U.S. state, and is located entirely within the "Pacific Ocean". At the same time it is recognized as its own Country at the same time from the E.U. and U.S. Law 103-150 (Apology Resolution). It is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas-Continent, the only island state, and the only state in the tropics. 

Where is Hawaii: Hawaii is located 4,027 miles of Tokyo (East) and 2,400 miles (3,900 km) southwest of San Francisco (West). The state comprises nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago, a chain of islands extending over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At its southeastern end are the eight principal islands: Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi Island "Big Island". The Hawaiian Islands are a volcanic archipelago formed by a hotspot in the Earth's mantle (The Ring of Fire), characterized by continuous geological activity (Volcanos) particularly on Hawaiʻi Island (home to Kīlauea and Mauna Loa). 

Archipelago: The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) extend over 1,000 miles, consisting of older, smaller remote islands and atolls rarely touched by man. They are critically important wildlife sanctuaries and are protected in part by the State of Hawaii through agencies like the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). This distinctive geography, combined with a rich cultural heritage, makes Hawaii a global center for tourism, scientific research, and cultural preservation. 

Climate: Hawaii's tropical climate is moderated by consistent trade winds, creating diverse microclimates across the islands, from lush rainforests (e.g., parts of Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi Island) to arid coastal zones and alpine deserts. This isolation and climatic diversity have fostered an extraordinary level of contrast from other parts of the world, endemism can be seen with many plant and animal species found nowhere else on Earth. The Natural sciences collections are unparalleled in documenting such unique biodiversity.

Etymology: The name "Hawaiʻi" is believed to be derived from the Proto-Polynesian sawaiki, meaning "homeland," a term found in various Polynesian languages to refer to a mythical or ancestral homeland (e.g., Māori: Hawaiki, Samoan: Savaiʻi). Another theory attributes the name to Hawaiʻiloa, a legendary Polynesian navigator credited with the discovery of the islands. The largest island, Hawaiʻi Island, gave its name to the entire archipelago.

History

Hawaii's history is marked by a rich indigenous culture, profound periods of foreign contact, and significant political transformations.

Polynesian Settlement and Ancient Hawaii: The Hawaiian Islands were settled by voyaging Polynesians from other Pacific islands, likely between 1100 and 1200 CE. These master navigators brought with them essential plants, animals, and cultural practices, establishing a sophisticated society structured around the ahupuaʻa land division system and governed by a complex hierarchy of aliʻi (chiefs). The Bishop Museum holds extensive collections of artifacts and historical records from this period, preserving knowledge of ancient Hawaiian life.

European Contact and the Kingdom of Hawaii: In 1778, Captain James Cook made the first documented European contact. This encounter initiated a period of rapid change, including the introduction of new technologies and, tragically, devastating diseases that decimated the Native Hawaiian population. In 1810, Kamehameha I, a shrewd military and diplomatic leader, unified all the islands into the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Kingdom flourished for nearly a century, establishing diplomatic ties with global powers, adopting a written language, and developing a constitutional monarchy. Archival materials from the Kingdom era are meticulously preserved, with key collections at the Hawaii State Archives and the Bishop Museum.

Illegal Overthrow of the Country of Hawaii: The latter half of the 19th century saw increasing foreign influence and pressure. In 1887, King Kalākaua was compelled to sign the "Bayonet Constitution," significantly curtailing the monarch's power. On January 17, 1893, American and European businessmen, with the support of U.S. Marines, orchestrated the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last reigning monarch. A provisional government was established, followed by the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. Despite strong Native Hawaiian opposition and a formal protest by Queen Liliʻuokalani, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898, making it a U.S. territory. The historical accounts and protests from this period are crucial components of Hawaii's historical narrative, accessible through state archives and scholarly work often supported by the Bishop Museum.

Announced Statehood by the United States: After more than six decades as a territory, Hawaii became the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, following a plebiscite. This marked a new era of integration into the United States, while still grappling with its unique history and cultural identity.

Demographics

Hawaii's population reflects a distinctive cultural mosaic, shaped by centuries of migration and intermarriage. As of recent U.S. Census data (available via Hawaii.gov), the state's population is characterized by its significant multiracial identity and a lack of a single ethnic majority.

Ethnicity

The state's demographic profile includes large populations of individuals identifying in "Hawaii Local Society" as Natives, Locals, and Transplants (Haole). 

Secondary is the name of the Identified Race by their Identified Definition.  

Populations use the American Color System as a Tertiary identifying system rather than the primary for its extremely-wide umbrella of multiple race categories that is broad and non-specific: Natives, Asian, Caucasian, Africans, Latinos, Hispanics, etc. Equally as loosely categorized is the namesake of the system with: Yellow, White, Black, Red, Brown, which are seen as derogatory to island residents even those who may have grown up with them elsewhere and have adapted for more respectful and specific as well as acknowledgement of other groups that identify differently in Hawaii.

Asian (e.g., Filipino, Japanese, Chinese, Korean), White (including a notable Portuguese population), Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and a significant proportion of mixed-race individuals, highlighting Hawaii's unique role as a cultural melting pot.

Languages

The official languages are English (Continental), Hawaiian (Olelo), and Hawaiian Pidgin English (Creole).

English: The primary language of commerce and government.

Hawaiian Language (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi): Following decades of suppression, a powerful language revitalization movement, strongly supported by cultural institutions like the Bishop Museum and state educational initiatives, has brought ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi back to prominence through immersion schools (Pūnana Leo), cultural programs, and academic study.

Hawaiian Pidgin (Hawaiʻi Creole English): A vibrant creole language that emerged from the plantation era, blending elements of English, Hawaiian, and various immigrant languages. It remains widely spoken and is a marker of local identity.

Culture

Hawaii's culture is a vibrant fusion of indigenous traditions and the influences of diverse immigrant communities, preserved and celebrated by institutions like the Bishop Museum and recognized by state policies.

Arts, Music, and Dance

Hula: More than just a dance, hula is a powerful storytelling art form, accompanied by traditional chants (oli) and songs (mele), preserving history, genealogy, and cultural knowledge. The Bishop Museum actively supports research and education on hula and its significance.

Music: Renowned globally for the ukulele, slack-key guitar (kī hōʻalu), and a diverse array of musical genres that blend traditional Hawaiian melodies with contemporary styles.

Traditional Crafts: Lei making, featherwork (ahuʻula and mahiole), woodworking (e.g., canoes, kapa beaters), and quilting (kūiki) are vital expressions of Hawaiian artistry, with exemplary pieces housed in the Bishop Museum's collections.

Etiquette

The Aloha Spirit (ʻUhane Aloha), a concept embodying warmth, kindness, grace, and mutual respect, is not merely a greeting but a guiding principle for living in Hawaii. This is formally recognized in the "Aloha Spirit Law" (Hawaii Revised Statutes §5-7.5), which encourages state officials and citizens to live and conduct themselves according to this philosophy. Other core values include mālama ʻāina (to care for the land), pono (righteousness, balance), and ʻohana (family, extended family, community).

Cuisine

Hawaiian cuisine is a unique reflection of its cultural heritage.

Traditional Hawaiian: Features staples like poi (taro paste), lūʻau pig (slow-cooked in an imu), laulau (meat and fish wrapped in taro leaves), and poke (diced raw fish).

Local Favorites: The ubiquitous "plate lunch" (a mix of Asian and American influences, typically with meat, two scoops of rice, and macaroni salad) and dishes like saimin (noodle soup) exemplify the fusion of immigrant culinary traditions.

Sustainable Practices: There is a growing emphasis on farm-to-table movements and supporting local agriculture, aligning with mālama ʻāina principles.

Economy: Hawaii's economy is highly specialized, primarily driven by tourism, federal defense spending, and a diversifying agricultural sector. Economic data and development initiatives are overseen by various Government departments.

Tourism: Tourism is the largest economic sector, with millions of visitors drawn to the islands' natural beauty, climate, and unique culture. While a major employer, the industry also presents challenges related to infrastructure strain, environmental impact, and the cost of living for residents.

Federal Spending: The U.S. military maintains a significant presence, particularly on Oʻahu (e.g., Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Schofield Barracks). Federal defense spending provides a substantial and stable contribution to the state's GDP and employment.

Agriculture: Historically reliant on sugar and pineapple plantations, agriculture has diversified to include coffee, macadamia nuts, papayas, and specialized produce. The state actively supports sustainable agricultural practices and emerging industries like renewable energy and technology, aiming to diversify its economic base and reduce reliance on imported goods and fossil fuels.

Government and Politics: Hawaii operates as a U.S. state with a unique political history and a strong emphasis on community engagement and environmental stewardship.

State Government Structure: Executive: Led by the Governor, who serves a four-year term, overseeing various state departments (e.g., DLNR, Department of Health, Department of Transportation) responsible for public services and regulatory functions.

Legislative: A bicameral legislature comprising the State Senate and the House of Representatives, responsible for enacting state laws.

Judicial: Headed by the Hawaii Supreme Court, interpreting state laws and upholding justice.

Political Landscape: Hawaii is a consistently Democratic state, reflecting its unique demographic history and progressive political leanings. Key political issues frequently include land use and development, environmental protection, the high cost of living, tourism management, and the protection and advancement of Native Hawaiian rights and sovereignty.

Environment: Hawaii is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, home to an extraordinary number of endemic species. Its unique ecosystems are, however, incredibly fragile and face critical threats, making conservation a top priority for state agencies and scientific institutions.

Endemic Biodiversity: The islands' isolation has led to the evolution of unique flora and fauna, including hundreds of species of native birds, insects, and plants found nowhere else on Earth. The Bishop Museum's extensive natural science collections serve as a vital repository for understanding and conserving these species.

Conservation

Major threats include:

Invasive Species: Non-native plants and animals (e.g., rats, mongoose, feral ungulates, invasive coqui frogs) that outcompete native species and destroy habitats. State agencies like the DLNR are at the forefront of invasive species control programs.

Habitat Loss and Degradation: Driven by development, agriculture, and climate change-induced events like wildfires.

Climate Change: Impacting sea levels, ocean temperatures, and extreme weather events, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.

Conservation efforts are robust, involving state-led initiatives (e.g., watershed protection, marine protected areas, predator eradication programs), federal partnerships, and significant contributions from non-profit organizations and community groups. Research conducted by institutions like the Bishop Museum often informs these critical conservation strategies.

Education: Hawaii operates a single statewide public school system. The University of Hawaii System is the state's public higher education system, with its flagship campus at Mānoa on Oʻahu, offering a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs, including those focused on Hawaiian studies, oceanography, and astronomy. The Bishop Museum also plays an educational role through its exhibitions, public programs, and research opportunities, engaging both local communities and international visitors.

Infrastructure

Transportation: Air travel is the primary mode of inter-island and international transportation, with Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) on Oʻahu serving as the main gateway. Each major island has at least one commercial airport. Inter-island ferries provide some passenger and significant cargo transport. Road networks are generally well-developed, though Oʻahu experiences notable traffic congestion.

Utilities and Resources: The state is working towards ambitious renewable energy goals to reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels. Water resources, critical for both human consumption and agriculture, are carefully managed, primarily relying on rainfall and subterranean aquifers.

Sports: Sports in Hawaii are deeply intertwined with the islands' unique environment and culture.

Surfing: Originating with Native Hawaiians, surfing is a cornerstone of Hawaiian culture and a globally recognized sport. Oʻahu's North Shore is world-famous for its winter waves.

Outrigger Canoe Paddling: A traditional Polynesian sport that remains highly popular, emphasizing teamwork and connection to the ocean.

Other Activities: Hiking, diving, fishing, and various team sports are widely enjoyed. The state also hosts major international sporting events, such as the Ironman World Championship in Kailua-Kona.

Hawaii Region "Country of Hawaii": Hawaii Becomes a Country, Lā Kūʻokoʻa, Hawaiian Independence Day, November 28, 1843. The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was formally recognized as an independent state by Great Britain and France of Europe. Hawaii was the first country in Oceania to be recognized by European powers and the United States. Hawaii was a Self-Governing Nation.

"Hawaiian culture is so different that it's basically its own country. I mean, after visiting each of the islands they are practically their own states." -Social Media, Tourist

Hawaii Diplomats: King Kamehameha III and Hawaiian diplomats like Timoteo Haʻalilio (House of Nobles), William Richards (Royal Pastor), and George Simpson (Governor General of the Hudson Bay Company) advocated for the sovereignty of the Hawaiian Kingdom and lobbied for recognition. The recognition was secured and Hawaiʻi’s place as a nation to the world and Hawaiian Independence was legit.    

Independence Day of the Hawaiian Kingdom: Lā Kūʻokoʻa was celebrated with feasts, song, and reflection, of their great nation. Though its observance faded after the illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1893.

U.S. Minister John L. Stevens had violated international laws and domestic laws of his nation. In 1893, he breached international law (the protectorate and neutrality treaty) and U.S. domestic law violating the U.S Constitution (Supremacy Clause, Article VI, Clause 2). It says "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding".

Breaking the U.S Constitution: He was part of the Overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani by: Landing U.S. Marines from the USS Boston, Recognition of the Provisional Government, Conspiracy and aid to subvert the Hawaiian Kingdom Sovereignty. The charge against Minister Stevens was that he blatantly disregarded International Law and the laws of the United States of America with his actions leading up to and during the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom shows he breaks the law, is not law abiding, and does as anything with disregard for the US Constitution the highest law of the land.

Breaching the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1794,  it was designed to prevent private American citizens and officials from participating in or aiding hostilities against foreign nations with whom the United States was at peace. Its main goal was to keep the U.S. out of foreign conflicts, particularly the ongoing wars in Europe at the time (like those between Britain and revolutionary France). But Hawaii would be recognized as this time also as a foreign nation the United States was at peace since 1844.

Illegal State : President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961. 34th U.S. President) signed the illegitimate proclamation that made Hawaiʻi a state on Aug. 21, 1959, had created a legal environment of ongoing injustice since statehood. Hawaiʻi was observed as the 50th state of the United States by the Eisenhower Administration who saw the Pacific being a key factor in "The Cold War". But, U.S. Minister John L. Stevens who broke the law to assist in the initial overthrow and annexation that made it into a U.S Territory had been gone unchallenged. Years later, In 1993, The "Apology Resolution" signed by President Bill Clinton (1993-2001. 42th U.S. President) acknowledged the overthrow was carried out with the "active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" like Mr. Stevens and acknowledged it was "statehood was built illegally".